Who is Adolf Hitler?

Born on the April 20, 1889 in the town of Brannau in Austria, Adolf Hitler was the former ruler of Germany for a period of 12 years. His name is forever written in history books as one of the most despicable leaders the world ever has. His reign over Germany resulted to deaths of million people during the Word War II (WWII). In fact, most historians believed that the name Adolf Hitler is synonymous with the word "evil."

Hitler was the son and fourth child of Alois Schickelgruber and Klara Hitler. He spent his younger years in Austria. He has the passion for drawing however he was turned down when he applied at the Academy of Arts. Then, Hitler moved to Muncih where joined the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment during the World War I (WWI). During the war, Hitler experienced being wounded and gassed and received a medal for his bravery.

When the WWI was about to end, Hitler joined the German Workers Party in 1919. He later changed the name of the party to National Socialist German Workers Party, and later was abbreviated to Nazi Party. Two years after, he became the leader of the Nazi Party.

In 1934, Hitler became Reichskanzler (Fuhrer and Chancellor). He established his dictatorship government with the aid of his brutal secret police Gestapo. Hitler set up concentration camps were Jews, Gypsies, and political opponents were killed in an organized manner. He then tried to expand his territory by invading Sudetenland, Austria, and Poland. At first, Hitler had remarkable success however, when the Allied forces entered the war, Hitler's success came to an end. On December 30, 1945, he committed suicide together with his long term mistress Eva Braun, who became Hitler's wife a night before they died.

History of India - A Brief Perspective

As far as the history of India is concerned, it traces its origins to Indus valley civilization. These civilizations spread and developed in the sites, which are now known as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Lothal. This was followed by the arrival of Aryans and scholars usually classify these periods as the Pre Vedic and Vedic periods. In the Vedic era Hinduism cam in to being which it self was largely influenced from the Indus valley civilization.

Near about in the 4th century BC, the entire subcontinent was brought together and unified by the Mauryans. This period saw India being ruled by Ashoka the great, who later on converted in to Buddhism. It is under him that Buddhism propagated to the entire parts of Asia. It is also a fact that it was due to the Mauryan era that is responsible for the formulation of present day Hinduism as a religion.

In between the 8th century BC and 11th century BC, Islam had gained a considerable foot hold in the Indian subcontinent. Islam mainly thrived die to the presence of numerous dynasties who ruled the country for a brief period of time such as the Lodhis, Tughlaqs and the Ghaznavis. It was finally under the Mughals, which is often termed as the golden period. It was the period when the county was united politically.

As the mughals started to disintegrate in the early 17th century, the Europeans seized the opportunity to grab ultimate supremacy. The Dutch, French, Portuguese and the British all had substantial interest, but it was the British who emerged victors. In the year 1857, there was a mutiny, which consequently took the form of a rebellion. Thus, India became a colony of the British Empire. But in the year ,1920 a nationalist movement was taking place asking independence from British dominion, under the tutelage of leaders like Mohandas karamchand Gandhi, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel and few others.

It took nearly 3 decades and in the year 1947, the British finally granted independence but it came with a cost. It was divided in to India and Pakistan, as a Muslim majority state. The first prime minister was Jawaharlal Nehru. In the year 1950, India became a republic and from then on it had been a thriving democracy.

The history of the great wall of China

The great wall of China is a legendary masterpiece of human achievement. The history of the great wall of China is a long, dating back to the beginning of the period of the fall and spring in China, as early as the 8th century BC. It is at this time that the Chinese began using the technology of construction of wall to protect the country and fields of invading barbarians.
However, the first vestiges of the great wall of China that still exist today have not begun to 221 BC, during the reign of Qin Shi Huang. The period of warring States, a long stretch of nearly two centuries, in which many warlords tried to preserve or to seize control of Earth in China, has led many fortifications built throughout on the country.
When finally, Emperor Qin United China in 221 BC, and established the first Chinese dynasty, the Qin dynasty, he began to worry about invasion forces break his newly formed Empire. Therefore, to protect against the Xiongnu to the North, Qin ordered the extended two centuries to be connected with massive built fortifications of the wall. It ignores even today exactly how long and complete the walls of the Qin dynasty were as much of them eroded or destroyed over time.
However, other areas have been maintained by the Han, Sui and Jin Dynasties of years later to protect their northern empire. The history of the great wall of China has end step it well. During the Ming dynasty, after the subsequent close battles with Mongols, Emperor Ming decided that the war was too cost of his empire and started to build a new scope of the great wall to ward off the Mongols in the North.
The extent of the great wall of China was much stronger than the fortifications of Qin Ming used bricks and stones instead of rammed earth. Over the years, some sections of the great wall have been enriched and eventually assisted in the 1600s to stave off the invasions by the Manchu. This success has been overcome that when the Ming dynasty was betrayed by a Ming General who had been bribed. The Mongolia was annexed in China under the Qing dynasty that followed, and work on the great wall of China has been largely completed.
Today, however, the great wall of China has become a symbol of an entire nation and the only visible artificial structure from orbit. The lasting effect and the symbol which is the great wall of China attracts millions each year from all corners of the globe and remains a symbol of ingenuity for the human race. All and it was built more than 2000 years ago.

Chinese American History and the Exclusion Act of 1882

In the early 1840s, a series of natural disasters, political upset, and diminishing necessary resources caused a large number of Chinese persons to immigrate to the United States. Men from the southern part of China were drawn to California because of the need for labor in the gold mining industry. At one point over 25,000 immigrants from China worked in the area. This wave of immigrants continued for approximately thirty years however slowed during the Civil War. By the early 1870s, Chinese Americans made up a large number of persons laboring in industries like farming, industrial factory work, building the railroad, and fishing. Like many immigrants in history, individuals continued to immigrate to the United States to avoid hardship in their motherland.

As a post Civil war era economy faltered, in this part of the world, history tells a story of intensified aggression toward individuals of Chinese descent. Chinese persons working in the United States were falsely blamed for taking jobs away from American citizens. In reality, this group of people were working for terrible wages and working in very dangerous conditions. This period of US history parallels many periods of ancient history and world history, in its persecution of an ethnic minority. In US history, this story most identifies with black history and severely discriminative laws that were made to exclude Chinese individuals from entering the country. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibited persons from China from entering into the country unless a person had family, already living in the United States, or connections to diplomats. Individuals from China were the only group that was prohibited from entering the United States during this period in American history.

To enforce this policy Angel Island's Immigration Station was constructed. This facility housed those who were detained or ready for deportation back to China. Though the immigration station was supposed to function much like Ellis Island, it was nicknamed the 'Guardian of the Western Gate.' Persons detained on the island were there for as little as a few weeks or as long as a few years with the purpose of excluding Chinese persons from the United States. Many people made the attempt to appeal their case with no success. When arriving people were processed, however they were interrogated with ridiculous and unanswerable questions. In other words, they were given questions that were impossible to answer and either continued to stay in the detainment center or were deported back to China. This practice continued until the early 1940's when a public outcry over safety became well publicized. A fire destroyed the area in the 1940's, and the area fell into disrepair until the 1970's when historians began the process of renovating the premises.

Angel Island recently opened to tourists after a fire destroyed parts of the historical area in 2008. Today visitors can retrace a much-overlooked period of history and of the many Chinese immigrants who spent time on the island. This area is located in the Angel Island State Park in Tiburon, CA.

Chris Robertson is an author of Majon International, one of the worlds MOST popular internet marketing companies on the web.

Learn more about Chinese American History [http://www.ATimePeriod.com].

The World History of Taxation

Egyptian Taxes

The first known taxation system was in ancient Egypt. The Pharaoh would collect taxes twice a year from the Egyptians. One of the most commonly taxed items in the ancient world was cooking oil, which was actually taxed throughout Egyptian history because of shortages. Egyptian taxes eventually became so widely known that they were even mentioned in the bible, "when the crop comes in, give a fifth of it to Pharaoh."

Athens, Greece

To the Athenians in Greece, war was a lifestyle, and a pricey one at that. As such, Athenians taxed their citizens for war costs with a tax they called "eisphora." The most historic factor of this tax was that it exempted no one, which many consider the first democratic taxation system, as after the wars the money was often refunded to the people. There is also some documentation of a tax put on foreigners (or any individual without an Athenian mother and father), called "metoikion."

Salt Tax in India

Salt has been taxed in India for centuries. However, in 1835 the British East India Company raised the import taxes drastically after they began to impose rule over Indian provinces. The salt tax was raised and lowered by multiple leaders and events, and was not repealed until 1946.

Rome and Caesar

Taxes called "portoria" were first levied in Rome on imports and exports to the city. Caesar Augustus, who is now considered a genius tax strategist of his time, gave individual cities the job of collecting taxes. He also raised sales taxes on slaves from 1% to 4%, and created a tax to raise retirement funds for soldiers of the army.

Great Britain

The occupation of the Roman Empire may have sparked the flame for first taxes in England. During the 11th century Lady Godiva's husband, Leofric, Earl of Mercia, said he would lower taxes were she to ride through the streets naked on a horse. Lady Godiva made the now famous ride and lowered taxes for her people.

The French Revolution

Before the French Revolution, civil unrest laid heavily on the shoulders of high taxes for lower classes. While clergymen and nobles were exempt to taxes, peasants and regular wage earning workers were not. The tax gap also left lower class citizens unable to pay court fees, making justice unaffordable except by those wealthy enough to afford it. While the true cause of the French Revolution is still being debated today, many Historians feel these high and unfair taxes were a large contributing factor to the civil unrest.

The Tax Lady Roni Deutch and her law firm Roni Lynn Deutch, A Professional Tax Corporation have been helping taxpayers across the nation find IRS tax relief for over seventeen years. The firm has experienced IRS tax attorney who will fight the IRS on your behalf.

Who Was the First Great Emperor in World History? What Did He Do and How Did He Do It?

The first of the great conquerors the world has ever known was Sargon of Akkad, in the late 3rd millennium BC.  Sargon of Akkad dominated the civilization of Mesopotamia in such a way as to leave an awe-inspiring legacy which future ambitious kings attempted but usually failed to emulate.  

 The Akkad region was an area inhabited Semitic people in the north-west of Sumer. Whereas historical the Semites are associated with a nomadic style of life (characteristic of Bedouin Arabs, for example), there is no evidence for this in this era of history and the Semitic people of Akkad shared the Sumerian civilization to the south throughout the Early Dynasty. The people lived in city states, used similar artistic and architectural styles, used the same cuneifrom script and worshipped the same gods as the Sumerians. However, they did speak a different language, which became Akkadian. 

The Sumerian city of Kish occupied the centre of the Semitic area which in c. 2334 BC was seized by a Semitic official, Sargon, who became its official ruler. Basing his control on the Semitic people, he used them to defeat the Sumerians and become overlord of both Sumer and Akkad. 

What Sargon did next was an unprecedented move to consolidate his power by founding a new capital city - Agade. The term Akkad comes from this city, but the precise location of the city is as yet unknown. Distributing his officials as governors of the defeated Sumerian city-states, he confiscated large swathes of land, often from the temples and palaces, to turn them into royal domains under the authority of his own officials to support his hoards of personal wealth and power; turning Akkadian into the royal language for official business. 

Having secured control over southern Mesopotamia, the Sargon of Akkad went on a mission of expansion on a scale never before attempted. His dominion expanded to take in Elam in the east and Mari in the north; to Ebla and other Syrian cities, and as far as the Mediterranean sea in the west and the Taurus mountains in the east.

Jonathan Britton

http://www.worldhistory.timemaps.com

TimeMaps: Atlas of World History presents a unique insight into the colourful, complex and infinitely fascinating subject of human progress. The Atlas can be navigated chronologically or geographically, to show how each and every nation has developed, beginning at the very origins of civilizations in Ancient Mesopotamia 3500 BC. Maps are backed up by an encyclopedia of reference Articles.

The Important Holidays of India - India History - World History

There are many holidays and festivals in India. I will discuss the four important holidays of Holi, Diwali, Dussera, and Basanto commemorate.

Holi: The Fire Festival

The Hindu Fire Festival, called Holi or Basaat is celebrated

in India on the fifteenth day of the Light Half of the Moon, in the

Hindu month of Phalguna (March). Holi is a spring festival for

Hindus. It is celebrated before the monsoon, the great rainstorms

which come each year.

Holi is a joyous holiday and is celebrated by Hindus of all

ages. Boys and girls squirt water pistols, sometimes large pumps

filled with saffron or red-colored water. The Hindus favorite

colors are red, crimson and saffron.

In Bengal, the Holi festival is associated with the life of

Krishna, a Hindu god. In Bengal the colored powders are used

without the water, for the fun. Before indulging in a feast in

honor of Holi, the children change out of their sporty clothes that

are covered in red and put on fresh, clean garments. It is

customary to exchange gifts in honor of this spring festival.

Diwali: The Festival of Lights

The Hindu New Year, Diwali, is celebrated on the last night of

autumn, in October or November. It is a holiday which is

celebrated throughout India. It comes at the end of the monsoon

rains, when the weather is nice and mild, and lasts for five days.

For this holiday, daughters return to their parents' homes,

houses are cleared, walls are decorated with designs drawn in white

rice flour water and then colored. Business account books are

closed and new ones are opened ceremoniously, new clothes are worn

and friends are entertained. Before the festival, special food is

prepared to be offered in the Hindu temples.

In preparation and in honor of this festival of lights clay

saucers are filled with mustard oil and floating cotton wicks,

giving a soft, glowing light to the homes. These lights are called

chirags, and are placed on the window sills and rooftops of houses;

along the roads, and on the banks of rivers and streams.

Women and girls who live in the sacred city of Banares, take

their chirags to the banks of the Ganges River. They quietly light

them and put them in the river to float along the water. They hope

for their clay boats to float to the other side with the wicks

still lit. If they remain lit, it is a sign of good luck.

The reason for the lights is to direct Lakshmi; goddess of

prosperity to every home. There are a few versions of the origin

of this festival. In the northern part of India, it is associated

with the autumn season and the harvest. They believe that Lakshmi

returns to the plains and lowlands every autumn, after her stay in

high country during the summer months. She visits people's homes

on that night and needs the light to guide her way. By assuring

that she reaches their homes they are assuring that their blessings

will be great and meaningful.

Dussera: The Victories of Rama

During the ten day Festival of the Divine Mother a pageant is

presented in every city, town or village throughout northern India.

The pageant is presented for two hours each day, ten days in a

row.

This annual pageant is called Ram Lila, based on the famous and

sacred Hindu epic Ramayana, which consists of 24,000 stanzas.

The Ram Lila shows some happening of the great epic that are

well known to all Hindus, adults and children. Every year the

people in India gather in the market places and watch the Ram Lila

with excitement as if they are seeing it for the first time. Towns

compete to see who will put on a richer display of costumes and

better music.

The pageant's story concerns mainly the events in the wars

between Rama, the seventh incarnation of the Lord Vishnu, the

Preserver, and Ravan, the cruel demon with ten faces and twenty

hands, who threatened to conquer the earth below and the gods in

heaven. Rama's forces were under the command of General Hanuman,

a monkey. Hanuman led great victories over enemies of mankind and

gods. The most exciting part of the pageant is a battle scene with

Hanuman.

The ten day pageant ends with the death of Ravana, who is

burned in effigy. An image of the dead demon is made of bamboo and

colored paper, and is placed on a platform and blown up with

fireworks. The audience stamps their feet and this symbolizes

victory for Rama over Ravana; good over evil.

Basanta: The First Day of Spring

On the first day of spring, in the Muslim calendar, Basanta is

celebrated. Basanta, which in Sanskrit means yellow, is the sacred

color of India and is the symbol of spring. On this festival

everyone wears yellow on parts of their clothing.

Hindu poets of ancient days wrote poems about spring. Many of

them were to Basanta, and in some way connected the arrival of

spring with Saraswati, Brahma's wife, the goddess of the sixty-four

arts and sciences.

On this holiday, the family fasts until noon and then they go

to a field for a picnic lunch and enjoy the outdoors. Offering of

white mango bloom or any white flower is brought for Saraswati.

This begins the season when boys and their fathers like to fly

their flat tailless kites made of colored tissue paper and bamboo.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Millen, Nina, Children's Festivals From Many Lands. New York: Friendship Press, 1964.

2. Dobler, Lavinia, Customs and Holidays Around the World. New York: Fleet Publishing Co., 1962.

3. Gaer, Joseph, Holidays Around the World. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1953.

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